Nucleic acids encoding opiate receptors

ABSTRACT

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules, host cells that contain an isolated nucleic acid molecule, and substantially pure polypeptides. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode polypeptides having mu3 opiate receptor activity, host cells that contain an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity, and substantially pure polypeptides that have mu3 opiate receptor activity. In addition, the invention provides methods and materials for identifying mu3 opiate receptor agonists and antagonists.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/454,213, filed Jun. 15, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/080,917, filed Feb. 22, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No.7,094,892, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/336,677, filed Dec. 5, 2001, now abandoned, and U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 60/270,479, filed Feb. 22, 2001. The disclosures ofthe prior applications are considered part of (and are incorporated byreference in) the disclosure of this application.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Funding for the work described herein was provided by the federalgovernment under NIDA number 5R24DA09010. Thus, the federal governmentmay have certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The invention relates to opiate receptors. Specifically, the inventionrelates to mu3 and mu4 opiate receptors as well as mu3 and mu4 opiatereceptor activation and inhibition.

2. Background Information

Three general classes of cell surface opioid receptors (kappa, delta,and mu) have been described based on ligand specificity. Opioidreceptors exhibiting high binding specificity for morphine have beendesignated mu opioid receptors. Detailed analysis of mu opioid receptorsfrom various tissues has revealed the existence of multiple mu opioidreceptor subtypes. In fact, the cDNA encoding the mu1 opioid receptorsubtype has been identified. Oligonucleotides complementary to some, butnot all, exons of the mu1 opioid receptor can block the effects mediatedby the mu1 and mu2 receptor subtypes. Thus, the mu1 and mu2 opioidreceptor subtypes appear to share exon sequences, as would be expectedof splice variants. Supporting the idea of alternative splicing is thefinding of a single mu gene in human and mouse chromosomal DNA. Inaddition, a novel rat brain mu opioid receptor subtype, designatedrMOR1B, has been identified. This receptor is identical to the rat mu1opioid receptor at its N-terminus but differs in its length and sequenceat the C-terminus. Further, affinity studies demonstrated that thesubstrate specificity of rMOR1B is similar to that of the rat mu1 opioidreceptor, but rMOR1B is more resistant to agonist-induceddesensitization and has a different expression pattern in brain. Thepresence of another opiate receptor, designated mu3 opiate receptor, hasbeen demonstrated pharmacologically. This mu3 opiate receptor is opioidpeptide insensitive and opiate alkaloid selective. In addition, detailedbinding analysis indicates that the mu3 opiate receptor is expressed byimmune tissues (e.g., human monocytes and granulocytes).

SUMMARY

The invention relates to opiate receptors such as mu3 and mu4 opiatereceptors. Specifically, the invention provides isolated nucleic acidmolecules that encode polypeptides having mu3 opiate receptor activity,host cells that contain an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity, and substantially purepolypeptides that have mu3 opiate receptor activity. In addition, theinvention provides methods and materials for identifying mu3 opiatereceptor agonists and antagonists.

The present invention is based on the discovery of nucleic acid thatencodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. The term “mu3opiate receptor” as used herein refers to a cell surface polypeptidethat has a higher affinity for morphine than that for the opioidpolypeptide [Tyr-D-Ala², Gly-N-Me-Phe⁴, Gly(ol)⁵]-enkephalin (DAMGO; SEQID NO:29). The interaction of morphine with a mu3 opiate receptor caninduce changes in intracellular calcium concentration and nitric oxiderelease. Isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode a polypeptidehaving mu3 opiate receptor activity, host cells containing such isolatednucleic acid molecules, and substantially pure polypeptides having mu3opiate receptor activity are particularly useful to research scientistssince these materials allow scientists to explore, for example, theinteractions of morphine with the mu3 opiate receptor, the molecularmechanisms by which morphine induces intracellular calcium concentrationchanges, and the relationships of mu3 opiate receptors with other muopioid receptors. In addition, the methods and materials describedherein can be used to provide cells that are responsive to morphine. Forexample, cells can be transfected with a vector that directs expressionof a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity such that thosecells can respond to morphine stimulation.

In general, the invention features an isolated nucleic acid moleculethat encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. Theisolated nucleic acid molecule can contain a nucleic acid sequence witha length and a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1over the length, where the point defined by the length and the percentidentity is within the area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1,where point A has coordinates (81, 100), point B has coordinates (81,65), point C has coordinates (15, 65), and point D has coordinates (15,100). The polypeptide can contain an amino acid sequence with a lengthand a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 over thelength, where the point defined by the length and the percent identityis within the area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, wherepoint A has coordinates (26, 100), point B has coordinates (26, 65),point C has coordinates (5, 65), and point D has coordinates (5, 100).The isolated nucleic acid molecule can hybridizes under hybridizationconditions to the sense or antisense strand of the sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:1 or 3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 8, or 10.

In another embodiment, the invention features an isolated nucleic acidmolecule that hybridizes under hybridization conditions to the sense orantisense strand of a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having mu3opiate receptor activity, where the isolated nucleic acid molecule is atleast 12 nucleotides in length, and where the isolated nucleic acidmolecule does not hybridize to the sense or antisense strand of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or 13.

Another embodiment of the invention features an isolated nucleic acidmolecule containing a nucleic acid sequence with a length and a percentidentity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 over the length, wherethe point defined by the length and the percent identity is within thearea defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, where point A hascoordinates (81, 100), point B has coordinates (81, 65), point C hascoordinates (15, 65), and point D has coordinates (15, 100). Theisolated nucleic acid molecule can encode a polypeptide having mu3opiate receptor activity.

In another aspect, the invention features a cell containing an isolatednucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiatereceptor activity. The isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain anucleic acid sequence with a length and a percent identity to thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 over the length, where the pointdefined by the length and the percent identity is within the areadefined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, where point A hascoordinates (81, 100), point B has coordinates (81, 65), point C hascoordinates (15, 65), and point D has coordinates (15, 100). Thepolypeptide can contain an amino acid sequence with a length and apercent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 over thelength, where the point defined by the length and the percent identityis within the area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, wherepoint A has coordinates (26, 100), point B has coordinates (26, 65),point C has coordinates (5, 65), and point D has coordinates (5, 100).The isolated nucleic acid molecule can hybridize under hybridizationconditions to the sense or antisense strand of the sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:1 or 3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 8, or 10.

In another embodiment, the invention features a cell containing anisolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under hybridizationconditions to the sense or antisense strand of a nucleic acid thatencodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity, where theisolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 12 nucleotides in length, andwhere the isolated nucleic acid molecule does not hybridize to the senseor antisense strand of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or 13.

Another aspect of the invention features a substantially purepolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. The polypeptide can beencoded by a nucleic acid sequence having a length and a percentidentity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 over the length, wherethe point defined by the length and the percent identity is within thearea defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, where point A hascoordinates (81, 100), point B has coordinates (81, 65), point C hascoordinates (15, 65), and point D has coordinates (15, 100). Thepolypeptide can contain an amino acid sequence with a length and apercent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 over thelength, where the point defined by the length and the percent identityis within the area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, wherepoint A has coordinates (26, 100), point B has coordinates (26, 65),point C has coordinates (5, 65), and point D has coordinates (5, 100).The polypeptide can be encoded by a nucleic acid molecule thathybridizes under hybridization conditions to the sense or antisensestrand of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or 3. The polypeptidecan contain the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, 7, 9, or 11.

Another aspect of the invention features a method for identifying a mu3opiate receptor agonist. The method includes (a) contacting a cell witha test molecule, where the cell contains an isolated nucleic acidmolecule (e.g., exogenous nucleic acid molecule) that encodes apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity, and where the cellexpresses the polypeptide, and (b) determining whether or not the testmolecule induces, in the cell, a mu3 opiate receptor-mediated response.The determining step can include monitoring nitric oxide synthaseactivity in the cell. The monitoring nitric oxide synthase activity caninclude detecting nitric oxide release from the cell. A nitricoxide-specific amperometric probe can be used to detect the nitric oxiderelease. The determining step can include monitoring intracellularcalcium levels within the cell. A fluorescent ion indicator can be usedto monitor the intracellular calcium levels. The fluorescent ionindicator can be Fura-2. The determining step can contain monitoringnitric oxide synthase activity and intracellular calcium levels in thecell.

Another aspect of the invention features a method for identifying a mu3opiate receptor antagonist. The method includes (a) contacting a cellwith a test molecule and a mu3 opiate receptor agonist, where the cellcontains an isolated nucleic acid molecule (e.g., exogenous nucleic acidmolecule) that encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptoractivity, and where the cell expresses the polypeptide, and (b)determining whether or not the test molecule reduces or prevents, in thecell, a mu3 opiate receptor-mediated response induced by the mu3 opiatereceptor agonist. The mu3 opiate receptor agonist can contain morphineor dihydromorphine. The determining step can include monitoring nitricoxide synthase activity in the cell. The determining step can includemonitoring intracellular calcium levels within the cell.

Another aspect of the invention features an isolated nucleic acidmolecule containing a nucleic acid sequence with a length and a percentidentity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22 over the length,where the point defined by the length and the percent identity is withinthe area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, where point A hascoordinates (225, 100), point B has coordinates (225, 65), point C hascoordinates (15, 65), and point D has coordinates (15, 100).

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. All publications, patent applications,patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated byreference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intendedto be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph plotting length and percent identity with points A, B,C, and D defining an area indicated by shading.

FIG. 2 is a bar graph plotting the relative mu4 mRNA expression level inmononuclear cells for the indicated treatments.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph plotting the relative mu4 mRNA expression level inmononuclear cells treated with SNAP for the indicated durations.

FIG. 4 is a bar graph plotting the relative mu4 mRNA expression level inmononuclear cells treated with morphine for the indicated durations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules, host cells thatcontain an isolated nucleic acid molecule, and substantially purepolypeptides. In addition, the invention provides methods and materialsfor identifying mu3 opiate receptor agonists and antagonists.

Nucleic Acids

The term “nucleic acid” as used herein encompasses both RNA and DNA,including cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic (e.g., chemicallysynthesized) DNA. The nucleic acid can be double-stranded orsingle-stranded. Where single-stranded, the nucleic acid can be thesense strand or the antisense strand. In addition, nucleic acid can becircular or linear.

The term “isolated” as used herein with reference to nucleic acid refersto a naturally-occurring nucleic acid that is not immediately contiguouswith both of the sequences with which it is immediately contiguous (oneon the 5′ end and one on the 3′ end) in the naturally-occurring genomeof the organism from which it is derived. For example, an isolatednucleic acid can be, without limitation, a recombinant DNA molecule ofany length, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally foundimmediately flanking that recombinant DNA molecule in anaturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolatednucleic acid includes, without limitation, a recombinant DNA that existsas a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic DNA fragment producedby PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) independent of othersequences as well as recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector,an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus,adenovirus, or herpes virus), or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote oreukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include arecombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acidsequence.

The term “isolated” as used herein with reference to nucleic acid alsoincludes any non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid sincenon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid sequences are not found in natureand do not have immediately contiguous sequences in anaturally-occurring genome. For example, non-naturally-occurring nucleicacid such as an engineered nucleic acid is considered to be isolatednucleic acid. Engineered nucleic acid can be made using common molecularcloning or chemical nucleic acid synthesis techniques. Isolatednon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid can be independent of othersequences, or incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicatingplasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus), orthe genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, anon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid can include a nucleic acid moleculethat is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid sequence.

It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that a nucleic acidexisting among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acid moleculeswithin, for example, cDNA or genomic libraries, or gel slices containinga genomic DNA restriction digest is not to be considered an isolatednucleic acid.

The term “exogenous” as used herein with reference to nucleic acid and aparticular cell refers to any nucleic acid that does not originate fromthat particular cell as found in nature. Thus, allnon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid is considered to be exogenous to acell once introduced into the cell. It is important to note thatnon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid can contain nucleic acid sequencesor fragments of nucleic acid sequences that are found in nature providedthe nucleic acid as a whole does not exist in nature. For example, anucleic acid molecule containing a genomic DNA sequence within anexpression vector is non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid, and thus isexogenous to a cell once introduced into the cell, since that nucleicacid molecule as a whole (genomic DNA plus vector DNA) does not exist innature. Thus, any vector, autonomously replicating plasmid, or virus(e.g., retrovirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus) that as a whole does notexist in nature is considered to be non-naturally-occurring nucleicacid. It follows that genomic DNA fragments produced by PCR orrestriction endonuclease treatment as well as cDNAs are considered to benon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid since they exist as separatemolecules not found in nature. It also follows that any nucleic acidcontaining a promoter sequence and polypeptide-encoding sequence (e.g.,cDNA or genomic DNA) in an arrangement not found in nature isnon-naturally-occurring nucleic acid.

Nucleic acid that is naturally-occurring can be exogenous to aparticular cell. For example, an entire chromosome isolated from a cellof person X is an exogenous nucleic acid with respect to a cell ofperson Y once that chromosome is introduced into Y's cell.

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that contain anucleic acid sequence having (1) a length, and (2) a percent identity toan identified nucleic acid sequence over that length. The invention alsoprovides isolated nucleic acid molecules that contain a nucleic acidsequence encoding a polypeptide that contains an amino acid sequencehaving (1) a length, and (2) a percent identity to an identified aminoacid sequence over that length. Typically, the identified nucleic acidor amino acid sequence is a sequence referenced by a particular sequenceidentification number, and the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence beingcompared to the identified sequence is referred to as the targetsequence. For example, an identified sequence can be the sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:1.

A length and percent identity over that length for any nucleic acid oramino acid sequence is determined as follows. First, a nucleic acid oramino acid sequence is compared to the identified nucleic acid or aminoacid sequence using the BLAST 2 Sequences (Bl2seq) program from thestand-alone version of BLASTZ containing BLASTN version 2.0.14 andBLASTP version 2.0.14. This stand-alone version of BLASTZ can beobtained from the State University of New York—Old Westbury campuslibrary as well as at Fish & Richardson's web site (“www” dot “fr” dot“com”) or the U.S. govemment's National Center for BiotechnologyInformation web site (“www” dot “ncbi” dot “nlm” dot “nih” dot “gov”).Instructions explaining how to use the B12seq program can be found inthe readme file accompanying BLASTZ. B12seq performs a comparisonbetween two sequences using either the BLASTN or BLASTP algorithm.BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acid sequences, while BLASTP is usedto compare amino acid sequences. To compare two nucleic acid sequences,the options are set as follows: −i is set to a file containing the firstnucleic acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq1.txt); −j is set to afile containing the second nucleic acid sequence to be compared (e.g.,C:\seq2.txt); −p is set to blastn; −o is set to any desired file name(e.g., C:\output.txt); −q is set to −1; −r is set to 2; and all otheroptions are left at their default setting. For example, the followingcommand can be used to generate an output file containing a comparisonbetween two sequences: C:\B112seq−i c:\seq1.txt−j c:\seq2.txt−p blastn−oc:\output.txt−q−1−r2. To compare two amino acid sequences, the optionsof B12seq are set as follows: −i is set to a file containing the firstamino acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq1.txt); −j is set to afile containing the second amino acid sequence to be compared (e.g.,C:\seq2.txt); −p is set to blastp; −o is set to any desired file name(e.g., C:\output.txt); and all other options are left at their defaultsetting. For example, the following command can be used to generate anoutput file containing a comparison between two amino acid sequences:C:\B12seq−i c:\seq1.txt−j c:\seq2.txt−p blastp−o c:\output.txt. If thetarget sequence shares homology with any portion of the identifiedsequence, then the designated output file will present those regions ofhomology as aligned sequences. If the target sequence does not sharehomology with any portion of the identified sequence, then thedesignated output file will not present aligned sequences. Once aligned,a length is determined by counting the number of consecutive nucleotidesor amino acid residues from the target sequence presented in alignmentwith sequence from the identified sequence starting with any matchedposition and ending with any other matched position. A matched positionis any position where an identical nucleotide or amino acid residue ispresented in both the target and identified sequence. Gaps presented inthe target sequence are not counted since gaps are not nucleotides oramino acid residues. Likewise, gaps presented in the identified sequenceare not counted since target sequence nucleotides or amino acid residuesare counted, not nucleotides or amino acid residues from the identifiedsequence.

The percent identity over a determined length is determined by countingthe number of matched positions over that length and dividing thatnumber by the length followed by multiplying the resulting value by 100.For example, if (1) a 1000 nucleotide target sequence is compared to thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, (2) the B12seq program presents 200nucleotides from the target sequence aligned with a region of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 where the first and last nucleotidesof that 200 nucleotide region are matches, and (3) the number of matchesover those 200 aligned nucleotides is 180, then the 1000 nucleotidetarget sequence contains a length of 200 and a percent identity overthat length of 90 (i.e., 180÷200*100=90).

It will be appreciated that a single nucleic acid or amino acid targetsequence that aligns with an identified sequence can have many differentlengths with each length having its own percent identity. For example, atarget sequence containing a 20 nucleotide region that aligns with anidentified sequence as follows has many different lengths includingthose listed in Table 1.

TABLE I

Starting Ending Matched Percent Position Position Length PositionsIdentity 1 20 20 15 75.0 1 18 18 14 77.8 1 15 15 11 73.3 6 20 15 12 80.06 17 12 10 83.3 6 15 10 8 80.0 8 20 13 10 76.9 8 16 9 7 77.8

It is noted that the percent identity value is rounded to the nearesttenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13, and 78.14 is rounded down to78.1, while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 is rounded up to 78.2.It is also noted that the length value will always be an integer.

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules containing anucleic acid sequence that has at least one length and percent identityover that length as determined above such that the point defined by thatlength and percent identity is within the area defined by points A, B,C, and D of FIG. 1. In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleicacid molecules containing a nucleic acid sequence that encodes apolypeptide containing an amino acid sequence that has at least onelength and percent identity over that length as determined above suchthat the point defined by that length and percent identity is within thearea defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1. The point defined by alength and percent identity over that length is that point on the XYcoordinate of FIG. 1 where the X axis is the length and the Y axis isthe percent identity. Thus, the point defined by a nucleic acid sequencewith a length of 200 and a percent identity of 90 has coordinates (200,90). For the purpose of this invention, any point that falls on point A,B, C, or D is considered within the area defined by points A, B, C, andD of FIG. 1. Likewise, any point that falls on a line that defines thearea defined by points A, B, C, and D is considered within the areadefined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1.

It will be appreciated that the term “the area defined by points A, B,C, and D of FIG. 1” as used herein refers to that area defined by thelines that connect point A with point B, point B with point C, point Cwith point D, and point D with point A. Points A, B, C, and D can definean area having any shape defined by four points (e.g., square,rectangle, or rhombus). In addition, two or more points can have thesame coordinates. For example, points B and C can have identicalcoordinates. In this case, the area defined by points A, B, C, and D ofFIG. 1 is triangular. If three points have identical coordinates, thenthe area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1 is a line. In thiscase, any point that falls on that line would be considered within thearea defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1. If all four points haveidentical coordinates, then the area defined by points A, B, C, and D ofFIG. 1 is a point. In all cases, simple algebraic equations can be usedto determine whether a point is within the area defined by points A, B,C, and D of FIG. 1.

It is noted that FIG. 1 is a graphical representation presentingpossible positions of points A, B, C, and D. The shaded area illustratedin FIG. 1 represents one possible example, while the arrows indicatethat other positions for points A, B, C, and D are possible. In fact,points A, B, C, and D can have any X coordinate and any Y coordinate.For example, point A can have an X coordinate equal to the number ofnucleotides or amino acid residues in an identified sequence, and a Ycoordinate of 100. Point B can have an X coordinate equal to the numberof nucleotides or amino acid residues in an identified sequence, and a Ycoordinate less than or equal to 100 (e.g., 50, 55, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,90, 95, and 99). Point C can have an X coordinate equal to a percent(e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or more percent) of the number of nucleotides oramino acid residues in an identified sequence, and a Y coordinate lessthan or equal to 100 (e.g., 50, 55, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 99).Point D can have an X coordinate equal to the length of a typical PCRprimer (e.g., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or more) or antigenic polypeptide(e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more), and a Y coordinate less thanor equal to 100 (e.g., 50, 55, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 99).

Isolated nucleic acid molecules containing a nucleic acid sequencehaving a length and a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQID NO:1 over that length are within the scope of the invention providedthe point defined by that length and percent identity is within the areadefined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1; where point A has an Xcoordinate less than or equal to 81, and a Y coordinate less than orequal to 100; where point B has an X coordinate less than or equal to8I, and a Y coordinate greater than or equal to 65; where point C has anX coordinate greater than or equal to 15, and a Y coordinate greaterthan or equal to 65; and where point D has an X coordinate greater thanor equal to 15, and a Y coordinate less than or equal to 100. Forexample, the X coordinate for point A can be 81, 75, 70, 65, 50, orless; and the Y coordinate for point A can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80,75, or less. The X coordinate for point B can be 81, 75, 70, 65, 50, orless; and the Y coordinate for point B can be 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point C can be 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, or more; and the Y coordinate for point C can be65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point D canbe 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, or more; and the Ycoordinate for point D can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, or less. Inone embodiment, point A can be (81, 100), point B can be (81, 95), pointC can be (45, 95), and point D can be (45, 100).

Isolated nucleic acid molecules containing a nucleic acid sequencehaving a length and a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQID NO:3 over that length are within the scope of the invention providedthe point defined by that length and percent identity is within the areadefined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1; where point A has an Xcoordinate less than or equal to 262, and a Y coordinate less than orequal to 100; where point B has an X coordinate less than or equal to262, and a Y coordinate greater than or equal to 65; where point C hasan X coordinate greater than or equal to 45, and a Y coordinate greaterthan or equal to 65; and where point D has an X coordinate greater thanor equal to 12, and a Y coordinate less than or equal to 100. Forexample, the X coordinate for point A can be 262, 260, 255, 250, 245, orless; and the Y coordinate for point A can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80,75, or less. The X coordinate for point B can be 262, 260, 255, 250,245, or less; and the Y coordinate for point B can be 65, 70, 75, 80,85, 90, 95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point C can be 45, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, or more; and the Y coordinate for point C canbe 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point Dcan be 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, ormore; and the Y coordinate for point D can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80,75, or less. In one embodiment, point A can be (262, 100), point B canbe (262, 95), point C can be (100, 95), and point D can be (100, 100).

Isolated nucleic acid molecules containing a nucleic acid sequencehaving a length and a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQID NO:22 over that length are within the scope of the invention providedthe point defined by that length and percent identity is within the areadefined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1; where point A has an Xcoordinate less than or equal to 225, and a Y coordinate less than orequal to 100; where point B has an X coordinate less than or equal to225, and a Y coordinate greater than or equal to 65; where point C hasan X coordinate greater than or equal to 45, and a Y coordinate greaterthan or equal to 65; and where point D has an X coordinate greater thanor equal to 12, and a Y coordinate less than or equal to 100. Forexample, the X coordinate for point A can be 225, 220, 215, 210, 205,200, 175, 150, or less; and the Y coordinate for point A can be 100, 99,95, 90, 85, 80, 75, or less. The X coordinate for point B can be 225,220, 215, 210, 205, 200, 175, 150, or less; and the Y coordinate forpoint B can be 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or more, The X coordinatefor point C can be 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, or more; andthe Y coordinate for point C can be 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 ormore. The X coordinate for point D can be 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, or more; and the Y coordinate for pointD can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, or less. In one embodiment, pointA can be (225, 100), point B can be (225, 95), point C can be (100, 95),and point D can be (100, 100).

Isolated nucleic acid molecules containing a nucleic acid sequence thatencodes a polypeptide containing an amino acid sequence having a lengthand a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 overthat length are within the scope of the invention provided the pointdefined by that length and percent identity is within the area definedby points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1; where point A has an X coordinateless than or equal to 26, and a Y coordinate less than or equal to 100;where point B has an X coordinate less than or equal to 26, and a Ycoordinate greater than or equal to 50; where point C has an Xcoordinate greater than or equal to 10, and a Y coordinate greater thanor equal to 50; and where point D has an X coordinate greater than orequal to 5, and a Y coordinate less than or equal to 100. For example,the X coordinate for point A can be 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, or less;and the Y coordinate for point A can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, orless. The X coordinate for point B can be 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, orless; and the Y coordinate for point B can be 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or more.

The X coordinate for point C can be 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, or more;and the Y coordinate for point C can be 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,90, 95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point D can be 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 15, 20, or more; and the Y coordinate for point D can be 100, 99,95, 90, 85, 80, 75, or less. In one embodiment, point A can be (26,100), point B can be (26, 95), point C can be (10, 95), and point D canbe (5, 100).

The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that are atleast about 12 bases in length (e.g., at least about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000,3000, 4000, or 5000 bases in length) and hybridize, under hybridizationconditions, to the sense or antisense strand of a nucleic acid havingthe sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 22. The hybridizationconditions can be moderately or highly stringent hybridizationconditions. Such nucleic acid molecules can be molecules that do nothybridize to the sense or antisense strand of a nucleic acid having thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or 13.

For the purpose of this invention, moderately stringent hybridizationconditions mean the hybridization is performed at about 42° C. in ahybridization solution containing 25 mM KPO₄ (pH 7.4), 5×SSC, 5×Denhart's solution, 50 μg/mL denatured, sonicated salmon sperm DNA, 50%formamide, 10% Dextran sulfate, and 1-15 ng/mL probe (about 5×10cpm/μg), while the washes are performed at about 50° C. with a washsolution containing 2×SSC and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Highly stringent hybridization conditions mean the hybridization isperformed at about 42° C. in a hybridization solution containing 25 mMKPO₄ (pH 7.4), 5×SSC, 5×Denhart's solution, 50 μg/mL denatured,sonicated salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide, 10% Dextran sulfate, and I-15ng/mL probe (about 5×10⁷ cpm/μg), while the washes are performed atabout 65° C. with a wash solution containing 0.2×SSC and 0.1% sodiumdodecyl sulfate.

Isolated nucleic acid molecules within the scope of the invention can beobtained using any method including, without limitation, commonmolecular cloning and chemical nucleic acid synthesis techniques. Forexample, PCR can be used to obtain an isolated nucleic acid moleculecontaining a nucleic acid sequence sharing similarity to the sequencesset forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or 22. PCR refers to a procedure ortechnique in which target nucleic acid is amplified in a manner similarto that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195, and subsequentmodifications of the procedure described therein. Generally, sequenceinformation from the ends of the region of interest or beyond are usedto design oligonucleotide primers that are identical or similar insequence to opposite strands of a potential template to be amplified.Using PCR, a nucleic acid sequence can be amplified from RNA or DNA. Forexample, a nucleic acid sequence can be isolated by PCR amplificationfrom total cellular RNA, total genomic DNA, and cDNA as well as frombacteriophage sequences, plasmid sequences, viral sequences, and thelike. When using RNA as a source of template, reverse transcriptase canbe used to synthesize complimentary DNA strands.

Isolated nucleic acid molecules within the scope of the invention alsocan be obtained by mutagenesis. For example, an isolated nucleic acidcontaining a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 22 can be mutatedusing common molecular cloning techniques (e.g., site-directedmutagenesis). Possible mutations include, without limitation, deletions,insertions, and substitutions, as well as combinations of deletions,insertions, and substitutions.

In addition, nucleic acid and amino acid databases (e.g., GenBank®) canbe used to obtain an isolated nucleic acid molecule within the scope ofthe invention. For example, any nucleic acid sequence having somehomology to a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 22, or any aminoacid sequence having some homology to a sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:2 can be used as a query to search GenBank®.

Further, nucleic acid hybridization techniques can be used to obtain anisolated nucleic acid molecule within the scope of the invention.Briefly, any nucleic acid molecule having some homology to a sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 22 can be used as a probe to identify asimilar nucleic acid by hybridization under conditions of moderate tohigh stringency. Once identified, the nucleic acid molecule then can bepurified, sequenced, and analyzed to determine whether it is within thescope of the invention as described herein.

Hybridization can be done by Southern or Northern analysis to identify aDNA or RNA sequence, respectively, that hybridizes to a probe. The probecan be labeled with a biotin, digoxygenin, an enzyme, or a radioisotopesuch as ³²P. The DNA or RNA to be analyzed can be electrophoreticallyseparated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel, transferred tonitrocellulose, nylon, or other suitable membrane, and hybridized withthe probe using standard techniques well known in the art such as thosedescribed in sections 7.39-7.52 of Sambrook et al., (1989) MolecularCloning, second edition, Cold Spring harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y.Typically, a probe is at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Forexample, a probe corresponding to a 20 nucleotide sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:1 or 3 can be used to identify an identical or similar nucleicacid. In addition, probes longer or shorter than 20 nucleotides can beused.

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that contain theentire nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10,17, 21, 22, or 23. In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleicacid molecules that contain a portion of the nucleic acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or 22. For example, the invention provides anisolated nucleic acid molecule that contains a 15 nucleotide sequenceidentical to any 15 nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or22 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at nucleotidenumber 1 and ending at nucleotide number 15, the sequence starting atnucleotide number 2 and ending at nucleotide number 16, the sequencestarting at nucleotide number 3 and ending at nucleotide number 17, andso forth. It will be appreciated that the invention also providesisolated nucleic acid molecules that contain a nucleotide sequence thatis greater than 15 nucleotides (e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more nucleotides) in length and identicalto any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or 22. Forexample, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule thatcontains a 25 nucleotide sequence identical to any 25 nucleotidesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or 22 including, withoutlimitation, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 1 and ending atnucleotide number 25, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 2 andending at nucleotide number 26, the sequence starting at nucleotidenumber 3 and ending at nucleotide number 27, and so forth. Additionalexamples include, without limitation, isolated nucleic acid moleculesthat contain a nucleotide sequence that is 50 or more nucleotides (e.g.,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, or more nucleotides) in length andidentical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or22.

In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules thatcontain a variation of the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:1, 3, or 22. For example, the invention provides an isolated nucleicacid molecule containing a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:1, 3, or 22 that contains a single insertion, a single deletion, asingle substitution, multiple insertions, multiple deletions, multiplesubstitutions, or any combination thereof (e.g., single deletiontogether with multiple insertions). The invention also provides isolatednucleic acid molecules that contain a variant of a portion of thenucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, or 22 as describedherein.

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that contain anucleic acid sequence that encodes the entire amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:2. In addition, the invention provides isolatednucleic acid molecules that contain a nucleic acid sequence that encodesa portion of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Forexample, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules thatcontain a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a 5 amino acid sequenceidentical to any 5 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2including, without limitation, the sequence starting at amino acidresidue number 1 and ending at amino acid residue number 5, the sequencestarting at amino acid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residuenumber 6, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 andending at amino acid residue number 7, and so forth. It will beappreciated that the invention also provides isolated nucleic acidmolecules that contain a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an aminoacid sequence that is greater than 5 amino acid residues (e.g., 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, ormore amino acid residues) in length and identical to any portion of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, the invention providesisolated nucleic acid molecules that contain a nucleic acid sequencethat encodes a 15 amino acid sequence identical to any 15 amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 including, without limitation, thesequence starting at amino acid residue number 1 and ending at aminoacid residue number 15, the sequence starting at amino acid residuenumber 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 16, the sequencestarting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at amino acid residuenumber 17, and so forth. Additional examples include, withoutlimitation, isolated nucleic acid molecules that contain a nucleic acidsequence that encodes an amino acid sequence that is 20 or more aminoacid residues (e.g., 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or more amino acid residues) inlength and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:2.

In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules thatcontain a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequencehaving a variation of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid moleculescontaining a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:2 that contains a single insertion, a singledeletion, a single substitution, multiple insertions, multipledeletions, multiple substitutions, or any combination thereof (e.g.,single deletion together with multiple insertions). The invention alsoprovides isolated nucleic acid molecules containing a nucleic acidsequence encoding an amino acid sequence that contains a variant of aportion of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 as describedherein.

The isolated nucleic acid molecules within the scope of the inventioncan encode a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. Any methodcan be use to determine whether or not a particular nucleic acidmolecule encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. Forexample, cells transfected with a particular nucleic acid molecule canbe analyzed to determine the expressed polypeptide's binding affinityfor morphine and DAMGO. If the binding affinity for morphine is higherthan the binding affinity for DAMGO, then the expressed polypeptide hasmu3 opiate receptor activity. Controls can be used to confirm thespecificity of the various binding affinities. For example, untranfectedcells can be used to confirm that the measured binding affinity isspecific for the polypeptide encoded by the introduced nucleic acidmolecule. Examples of techniques that can be used to evaluate mu3 opiatereceptor activities are provided elsewhere (e.g., WO99/24471).

Polypeptides

The invention provides substantially pure polypeptides. The term“substantially pure” as used herein with reference to a polypeptidemeans the polypeptide is substantially free of other polypeptides,lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid with which it is naturallyassociated. Thus, a substantially pure polypeptide is any polypeptidethat is removed from its natural environment and is at least 60 percentpure. A substantially pure polypeptide can be at least about 65, 70, 75,80, 85, 90, 95, or 99 percent pure. Typically, a substantially purepolypeptide will yield a single major band on a non-reducingpolyacrylamide gel.

Any substantially pure polypeptide having an amino acid sequence encodedby a nucleic acid within the scope of the invention is itself within thescope of the invention. In addition, any substantially pure polypeptidecontaining an amino acid sequence having a length and a percent identityto the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 over that length as determinedherein is within the scope of the invention provided the point definedby that length and percent identity is within the area defined by pointsA, B, C, and D of FIG. 1; where point A has an X coordinate less than orequal to 26, and a Y coordinate less than or equal to 100; where point Bhas an X coordinate less than or equal to 26, and a Y coordinate greaterthan or equal to 50; where point C has an X coordinate greater than orequal to 10, and a Y coordinate greater than or equal to 50; and wherepoint D has an X coordinate greater than or equal to 5, and a Ycoordinate less than or equal to 100. For example, the X coordinate forpoint A can be 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, or less; and the Y coordinatefor point A can be 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, or less. The Xcoordinate for point B can be 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, or less; andthe Y coordinate for point B can be 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point C can be 10, 12, 14, 16, 17,18, 20, or more; and the Y coordinate for point C can be 50, 55, 60, 65,70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 or more. The X coordinate for point D can be5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more; and the Y coordinate for point D canbe 100, 99, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, or less. In one embodiment, point A canbe (26, 100), point B can be (26, 95), point C can be (10, 95), andpoint D can be (5, 100).

Any method can be used to obtain a substantially pure polypeptide. Forexample, common polypeptide purification techniques such as affinitychromatography and HPLC as well as polypeptide synthesis techniques canbe used. In addition, any material can be used as a source to obtain asubstantially pure polypeptide. For example, tissue from wild-type ortransgenic animals can be used as a source material. In addition, tissueculture cells engineered to over-express a particular polypeptide ofinterest can be used to obtain substantially pure polypeptide. Further,a polypeptide within the scope of the invention can be engineered tocontain an amino acid sequence that allows the polypeptide to becaptured onto an affinity matrix. For example, a tag such as c-myc,hemagglutinin, polyhistidine, or Flagm tag (Kodak) can be used to aidpolypeptide purification. Such tags can be inserted anywhere within thepolypeptide including at either the carboxyl or amino termini. Otherfusions that could be useful include enzymes that aid in the detectionof the polypeptide, such as alkaline phosphatase.

The invention provides polypeptides that contain the entire amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 7, or 9. In addition, theinvention provides polypeptides that contain a portion of the amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, the invention providespolypeptides that contain a 5 amino acid sequence identical to any 5amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 including, withoutlimitation, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number I andending at amino acid residue number 5, the sequence starting at aminoacid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 6, thesequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at aminoacid residue number 7, and so forth. It will be appreciated that theinvention also provides polypeptides that contain an amino acid sequencethat is greater than 5 amino acid residues (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or more aminoacid residues) in length and identical to any portion of the sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, the invention providespolypeptides that contain a 15 amino acid sequence identical to any 15amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 including, withoutlimitation, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 1 andending at amino acid residue number 15, the sequence starting at aminoacid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 16, thesequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at aminoacid residue number 17, and so forth. Additional examples include,without limitation, polypeptides that contain an amino acid sequencethat is 20 or more amino acid residues (e.g., 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, ormore amino acid residues) in length and identical to any portion of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In addition, the invention provides polypeptides containing an aminoacid sequence having a variation of the amino acid sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:2. For example, the invention provides polypeptides containingan amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 that contains a singleinsertion, a single deletion, a single substitution, multipleinsertions, multiple deletions, multiple substitutions, or anycombination thereof (e.g., single deletion together with multipleinsertions). The invention also provides polypeptides containing anamino acid sequence that contains a variant of a portion of the aminoacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 as described herein.

The substantially pure polypeptides within the scope of the inventioncan have mu3 opiate receptor activity. Any method can be use todetermine whether or not a particular polypeptide has mu3 opiatereceptor activity. For example, cells expressing a particularpolypeptide can be analyzed to determine the polypeptide's bindingaffinity for morphine and DAMGO. If the binding affinity for morphine ishigher than the binding affinity for DAMGO, then the expressedpolypeptide has mu3 opiate receptor activity. Controls can be used toconfirm the specificity of the various binding affinities. For example,cells lacking the polypeptide can be used to confirm that the measuredbinding affinity is specific for that particular polypeptide.

Host Cells

A host cell within the scope of the invention is any cell containing atleast one isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein. Such cellscan be prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is noted that cellscontaining an isolated nucleic acid molecule within the scope of theinvention are not required to express a polypeptide. In addition, theisolated nucleic acid molecule can be integrated into the genome of thecell or maintained in an episomal state. Thus, host cells can be stablyor transiently transfected with a construct containing an isolatednucleic acid molecule of the invention.

Host cells within the scope of the invention can contain an exogenousnucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiatereceptor activity. Such host cells can express the encoded polypeptidesuch that the host cells exhibit at least one mu3 opiatereceptor-mediated response after treatment with a mu3 opiate receptoragonist.

Any methods can be used to introduce an isolated nucleic acid moleculeinto a cell in vivo or in vitro. For example, calcium phosphateprecipitation, electroporation, heat shock, lipofection, microinjection,and viral-mediated nucleic acid transfer are common methods that can beused to introduce an isolated nucleic acid molecule into a cell. Inaddition, naked DNA can be delivered directly to cells in vivo asdescribe elsewhere (U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466including continuations thereof). Further, isolated nucleic acidmolecules can be introduced into cells by generating transgenic animals.

Transgenic animals can be aquatic animals (such as fish, sharks,dolphin, and the like), farm animals (such as pigs, goats, sheep, cows,horses, rabbits, and the like), rodents (such as rats, guinea pigs, andmice), non-human primates (such as baboon, monkeys, and chimpanzees),and domestic animals (such as dogs and cats). Several techniques knownin the art can be used to introduce isolated nucleic acid molecules intoanimals to produce the founder lines of transgenic animals. Suchtechniques include, without limitation, pronuclear microinjection (U.S.Pat. No. 4,873,191); retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines(Van der Putten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 82:6148 (1985));gene transfection into embryonic stem cells (Gossler A et al., Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 83:9065-9069 (1986)); gene targeting into embryonic stemcells (Thompson et al., Cell, 56:313 (1989)); nuclear transfer ofsomatic nuclei (Schnieke A E et al., Science 278:2130-2133 (1997)); andelectroporation of embryos (Lo C W, Mol. Cell. Biol., 3:1803-1814(1983)). Once obtained, transgenic animals can be replicated usingtraditional breeding or animal cloning.

Any methods can be used to identify cells containing an isolated nucleicacid molecule of the invention. Such methods include, withoutlimitation, PCR and nucleic acid hybridization techniques such asNorthern and Southern analysis. In some cases, immunohistochemistry andbiochemical techniques can be used to determine if a cell contains aparticular isolated nucleic acid molecule by detecting the expression ofa polypeptide encoded by that particular nucleic acid molecule.

Identifying mu3 Opiate Receptor Agonists

A mu3 opiate receptor agonist is any molecule that interacts with apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity such that a mu3 opiatereceptor-mediated response is induced. Mu3 opiate receptor-mediatedresponses include, without limitation, changes in intracellular calciumconcentration and nitric oxide release.

Mu3 opiate receptor agonists can be identified by (1) contacting cellsexpressing a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity with a testmolecule, and (2) determining if that test molecule induces a mu3 opiatereceptor-mediated response. Such cells include cells expressing apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity (e.g., heart cells, veincells, artery cells, testicular cells, and white blood cells) as well ascells containing an isolated nucleic acid molecule that expresses apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. For example, a mu3opiate receptor agonist can be identified by contacting cells containingan isolated nucleic acid molecule having a sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:4, 6, 8, or 10 with a test molecule, and determining if that testmolecule induces changes in intracellular calcium concentration in amu3-specific manner. The specificity of the interaction between apotential mu3 opiate receptor agonist and a mu3 opiate receptor can bedetermined using a known mu3 opiate receptor antagonist. For example, atest molecule that induces a change in intracellular calciumconcentration can be identified as a mu3 opiate receptor agonist if amu3 opiate receptor antagonist can inhibit the induction of that changein intracellular calcium concentration. In addition, the specificity ofagonist-receptor interactions can be demonstrated using heterologousexpression systems, receptor binding analyses, or any other method thatprovides a measure of agonist-receptor interaction.

A test molecule can be any molecule having any chemical structure. Forexample, a test molecule can be a polypeptide, carbohydrate, lipid,amino acid, nucleic acid, fatty acid, or steroid. In addition, a testmolecule can be lipophilic, hydrophilic, plasma membrane permeable, orplasma membrane impermeable.

The invention provides several assays that can be used to identify a mu3opiate receptor agonist. Such assays involve monitoring at least one ofthe biological responses mediated by a mu3 opiate receptor in cellsexpressing a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity such ascells containing an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that expresses apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. As described herein,mu3 opiate receptor-mediated responses include, without limitation,increases in intracellular calcium concentration and nitric oxiderelease. Thus, a mu3 opiate receptor agonist can be identified using anassay that monitors intracellular calcium concentration, nitric oxiderelease, or both in cells transfected with a nucleic acid molecule thatexpresses a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity.

Intracellular calcium concentrations can be monitored using any method.For example, intracellular calcium concentrations can be monitored usinga dye that detects calcium ions. In this case, cells can be loaded witha fluorescent dye (e.g., fura-2) and monitored by dual emissionmicrofluommetry. The fura-2 loading process can involve washing thecells (e.g., one to four times) with incubation medium lacking calcium.This medium can be balanced with sucrose to maintain osmolarity. Afterwashing, the cells can be incubated (e.g., 30 minutes) with loadingsolution. This loading solution can contain, for example, 5 μM fura-2/AMand a non-ionic/non-denaturing detergent such as Pluronic F-127. Thenon-ionic/non-denaturing detergent can help disperse the acetoxymethyl(AM) esters of fura-2. After incubation with the loading solution, thecells can be washed (e.g., one to four times) with, for example, PBSwithout calcium or magnesium to remove extracellular dye.

Once loaded, the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) can becalculated from the fluorescence ratio (340 and 380 nm excitation and510 nm emission wavelength) according to the following equation:[Ca²⁺]i=(R−R_(min))k_(d)β/(R_(max)−R); where R=fluorescence ratiorecorded from the cell; R_(min)=fluorescence ratio of fura-2 free acidrecorded in absence of Ca²⁺; R^(max)=fluorescence ratio of fura-2 freeacid recorded in saturating concentration of Ca²⁺; k_(d)=calciumdissociation constant of the dye; and β=the ratio of fluorescence offura-2 free acid in the Ca²⁺ free form to the Ca²⁺ saturated formrecorded at the wavelength used in the denominator of the ratio. Usingan image processing system such as a COMPIX C-640 SIMCA (Compix Inc.,Mars, Pa.) system with an inverted microscope, images can be acquiredfor analysis every 0.4 seconds.

Nitric oxide (NO) release can be monitored directly or indirectly usingany method. For example, a NO-specific amperometric probe can be used tomeasure directly the NO released from cultured cells or tissue fragmentsas described elsewhere (Stefano G B et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:30290(1995) and Magazine H L et al., J. Immunol. 156:4845 (1996)). Using thisNO-specific probe, the concentration of NO gas in solution can bemeasured in real-time with, for example, a DUO 18 computer dataacquisition system obtained from World Precision Instruments. Briefly,the cells or tissue fragments can be placed in a superfusion chambercontaining, for example, 2 mL PBS. In addition, a micromanipulator(e.g., a micromanipulator obtained from Zeiss-Eppendorff) can beattached to the stage of an inverted microscope to aid in positioningthe amperometric probe 15 μm above the surface of a cell or tissuefragment. Prior to obtaining measurements, the amperometric probe can becalibrated by generating a standard curve using different concentrationsof a nitrosothiol donor such as S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine(SNAP) obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). In addition, theamperometric probe can be equilibrated in the same solution (e.g., PBS)used to incubate the cells or tissue fragments during analysis.

Identifying mu3 Opiate Receptor Antagonists

A mu3 opiate receptor antagonist is any molecule that interacts with apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity such that the inductionof a mu3 opiate receptor-mediated response is inhibited or prevented. Amu3 opiate receptor antagonist can be identified by (1) contacting cellsexpressing a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity with a mu3opiate receptor agonist and a test molecule, and (2) determining if thattest molecule inhibits the mu3 opiate receptor agonist from inducing amu3 opiate receptor-mediated response. Such cells include cellsexpressing a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity (e.g.,heart cells, vein cells, artery cells, testicular cells, and white bloodcells) as well as cells containing an isolated nucleic acid moleculethat expresses a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity. Forexample, a mu3 opiate receptor antagonist can be identified by (1)contacting cells transfected with a nucleic acid molecule that expressesa polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity with morphine and atest molecule, and (2) determining if that test molecule inhibitsmorphine from inducing nitric oxide release. Again, a test molecule canbe any molecule having any chemical structure. For example, a testmolecule can be a polypeptide, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, nucleicacid, fatty acid, or steroid. In addition, a test molecule can belipophilic, hydrophilic, plasma membrane permeable, or plasma membraneimpermeable. The cells can be contacted with the test molecule and themu3 opiate receptor agonist in any order. For example, the test moleculecan be added before the mu3 opiate receptor agonist, the test moleculecan be added after the mu3 opiate receptor agonist, or the test moleculeand mu3 opiate receptor agonist can be added simultaneously.

It is to be understood that each of the assays for identifying mu3opiate receptor agonists described herein can be adapted such that mu3opiate receptor antagonists can be identified.

The invention will be further described in the following examples, whichdo not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Nucleic Acid Encoding a Polypeptide Having Mu3 OpiateReceptor Activity

A human testis cDNA library constructed in the pEXP1 mammalianexpression vector was obtained from Clonetech (Palo Alto, Calif.). Afterobtaining a DNA sample from the human testis cDNA library, the librarywas prescreened by PCR using primers designed to amplify a 441 base pairregion of the human mu1 opioid receptor. The forward primer had asequence corresponding to position 892-919 of the human mu1 opioidreceptor (5′-GGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14), and thereverse primer had a sequence corresponding to position 1305-1332 of thehuman mu1 opioid receptor (5′-GGTCTCTAGTGTTCTGACGAATTCGAGT-3′; SEQ IDNO:15). After the amplification reaction, the amplification productswere separated by gel electrophoresis using a 2% agarose gel stainedwith ethidium bromide. A 441 base pair fragment was observed.

The human testis cDNA library was screened with a probe made using thesame forward and reverse primers. Briefly, the screen was performedusing ClonCapture cDNA Selection Kit (CloneTech; Palo Alto, Calif.)according to the manufacturer's instructions. Two positive colonies wereidentified in the enrichment library screen. PCR confirmed that the twocolonies were positive. After isolation, the plasmid DNA from the twocolonies was digested with SfiI and separated by gel electrophoresis.One insert was found to be about 1.1 kb in size while the other wasfound to be about 2.0 kb in size. Each insert was sequenced.

Sequence analysis of the 2.0 kb insert revealed a new splice variantthat replaces the last 12 amino acid residues of the human mu1 opioidreceptor with 26 different amino acid residues. Specifically, thenucleic acid sequence that encodes the LENLEAETAPLP (SEQ ID NO:16)carboxyl-terminus sequence of the mu1 opioid receptor was found to bereplaced with a nucleic acid sequence that encodesNYYIIHRLCCNTPLISQKPV-LLWFCD (SEQ ID NO:2). The nucleic acid sequenceencoding NYYIIHRLCC-NTPLISQKPVLLWFCD (SEQ ID NO:2) was found to be5′-AATTATTATATAAT-TCATAGATGTTGCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTCTGTGATTAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1). The following nucleic acid sequencecontains the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 as well as the sequencefound to extend past the TAA stop codon:5′-AATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTGCTGC-AATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTCTGTGATTAAAGAGAGAGGGTGAGTGCCTTGCCCACTGTGGTCATGGATGCAAGATATTCACAGAAAATTAGCATCATAGAAAAAAAANNNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANCATGTCGGCCGCCTCGGCCAAACATCGGGTCGAGCATGCATCTAGGGCGGCCAATTCCGCCCCTCTCCCCCCCNGCNNTTT (SEQ ID NO:3). This sequence was found toreplace the sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 that corresponds to nucleotidenumber 1374-1826 as follows:5′-CTAGAAAATCTGGAAGCAGAAACTGCTCCGTTGCCCTAACAGG-GTCTCATGCCATTCCGACCTTCACCAAGCTTAGAAGCCACCATGTATGTGGAAGCAGGTTGCTTCAAGAATGTGTAGGAGGCTCTAATTCTCTAGGAAAGTGCCTGCTTTTAGGTCATCCAACCTCTTTCCTCTCTGGCCACTCTGCTCTGCACATTAGAGGGACAGCCAAAAGTAAGTGGAGCATTTGGAAGGAAAGGAATATACCACACCGAGGAGTCCAGTTTGTGCAAGACACCCAGTGGAACCAAAACCCATCGTGGTATGTGAATTGAAGTCATCATAAAAGGTGACCCTTCTGTCTGTAAGATTTTATTTTCAAGCAAATATTTATGACCTCAACAAAGAAGAACCATCTTTTGTTAAGTTCACCGTAGTAACACATAAAGTAAATGCTACCTCTGATCAAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18).

The following nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide that uses thestart codon of the human mu1 opioid receptor and the carboxyl-terminusof the 2.0 kb insert;5′-ATGTCAGATGCTCAGCTCGGTCCCCTCCGCCTGACGCTCCTCTCTGTCT-CAGCCAGGACTGGTTTCTGTAAGAAACAGCAGGAGCTGTGGCAGCGGCGAAAGGAAGCGGCTGAGGCGCTTGGAACCCGAAAAGTCTCGGTGCTCCTGGCTACCTCGCACAGCGGTGCCCGCCCGGCCGTCAGTACCATGGACAGCAGCGCTGCCCCCACGAACGCCAGCAATTGCACTGATGCCTTGGCGTACTCAAGTTGCTCCCCAGCACCCAGCCCCGGTTCCTGGGTCAACTTGTCCCACTTAGATGGCAACCTGTCCGACCCATGCGGTCCGAACCGCACCGACCTGGGCGGGAGAGACAGCCTGTGCCCTCCGACCGGCAGTCCCTCCATGATCACGGCCATCACGATCATGGCCCTCTACTCCATCGTGTGCGTGGTGGGGCTCTTCGGAAACTTCCTGGTCATGTATGTGATTGTCAGATACACCAAGATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATGGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGAATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTGCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGG TTCTGTGATTAA-3′(SEQ ID NO:6). The amino acid sequence encoded by this nucleic acidsequence is as follows:MSDAQLGPLRLTLLSVSARTGFCKKQQEL-WQRRKEAAEALGTRKVSVLLATSHSGARPAVSTMDSSAAPTNASNCTDALAYSSCSPAPSPGSWVNLSHLDGNLSDPCGPNRTDLGGRDSLCPPTGSPSMITAITIMALYSIVCVVGLFGNFLVMYVIVRYTKMKTATNIYIFNLALADALATSTLPFQSVNYLMGTWPFGTILCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLCTMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDFRTPRNAKIINVCNWILSSAIGLPVMFMATTKYRQGSIDCTLTFSHPTWYWENLLKICVFIFAFIMPVLIITVCYGLMILRLKSVRMLSGSKEKDRNLRRITRMVLVVVAVFIVCWTPIHIYVIIKALVTIPETTFQTVSWHFCIALGYTNSCLNPVLYAFLDENFKRCFREFCIPTSSNIEQQNSTRIRQNTRDHPSTANTVDRTNHQNYYIIHRLCCNTPLISQKPVLLWFC D (SEQ IDNO:7).

The following nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide that uses thestart codon of the human mu2 opioid receptor and the carboxyl-terminusof the 2.0 kb insert:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′-ATGGACAGCAGCGCTGCCCCCACGAACGCCAGCAATTGCACTGATGC-CTTGGCGTACTCAAGTTGCTCCCCAGCACCCAGCCCCGGTTCCTGGGTCAACTTGTCCCACTTAGATGGCAACCTGTCCGACCCATGCGGTCCGAACCGCACCGACCTGGGCGGGAGAGACAGCCTGTGCCCTCCGACCGGCAGTCCCTCCATGATCACGGCCATCACGATCATGGCCCTCTACTCCATCGTGTGCGTGGTGGGGCTCTTCGGAAACTTCCTGGTCATGTATGTGATTGTCAGATACACCAAGATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATGGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGAATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTGCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTCTGTG ATTAA-3′.The amino acid sequence encoded by this nucleic acid sequence is asfollows: MDS-SAAPTNASNCTDALAYSSCSPAPSPGSWVNLSHLDGNLSDPCGPNRTDLGGRDSLCPPTGSPSMITAITIMALYSIVCVVGLFGNFLVMYVIVRYTKMKTATNIYIFNLALADALATSTLPFQSVNYLMGTWPFGTILCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLCTMSVDYRIAVCHPVKALDFRTPRNAKIINVCNWILSSAIGLPVMFMATTKYRQGSIDCTLTFSHPTWYWENLLKICVFIFAFIMPVLITVCYGLMILRLKSVRMLSGSKEKDRNLRRITRMVLVVVAVFIVCWTPIHIYVIIKALVTIPETTFQTVSWHFCIALGYTNSCLNPVLYAFLDENFKRCFREFCIPTSSNIEQQNSTRIRQNTRDHPSTANTVDRTNHQNYYIIHRLCCNTPLISQKPVLLWFCD (SEQ ID NO:9).

The following nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide that uses thestart codon of the rat mu2 opioid receptor and the carboxyl-terminus ofthe 2.0 kb insert:5′-ATGGACAGCAGCACCGGCCCAGGGAACACCAGCGACTGCTCAGACCCCTTAGCTCAGGCAAGTTGCTCCCCAGCACCTGGCTCCTGGGTCAACTTGTCCCACTTAGATGGCAACCTGTCCGACCCATGCGGTCCGAACCGCACCGACCTGGGCGGGAGAGACAGCCTGTGCCCTCCGACCGGCAGTCCCTCCATGATCACGGCCATCACGATCATGGCCCTCTACTCCATCGTGTGCGTGGTGGGGCTCTTCGGAAACTTCCTGGTCATGTATGTGATTGTCAGATACACCAAGATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTIGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATGGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGAATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTGCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTCTGTGATTAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10). The amino acid sequenceencoded by this nucleic acid sequence is as follows:MDSSTGPGNTSD-CSDPLAQASCSPAPGSWVNLSHLDGNLSDPCGPNRTDLGGRDSLCPPTGSPSMITAITIMALYSIVCVVGLFGNFLVMYVIVRYTKMKTATNIYIFNLALADALATSTLPFQSVNYLMGTWPFGTILCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLCTMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDFRTPRNAKIINVCNWILSSAIGLPVMFMATTKYRQGSIDCTLTFSHPTWYWENLLKICVFIFAFIMPVLIITVCYGLMILRLKSVRMLSGSKEKDRNLRRITRMVLVVVAVFIVCWTPIHIYVIIKALVTIPETTFQTVSWHFCIALGYTNSCLNPVLYAFLDENFKRCFREFCIPTSSNIEQQNSTRIRQNTRDHPSTANTVDRTNHQNYYIIHRLCCNTPLISQKP VLLWFCD (SEQID NO:11).

In addition, sequence analysis revealed that the 2.0 kb insert lackedthe first exon of the human muI opioid receptor. Specifically, the 5′end of the 2.0 kb insert started with 5′-ATACACCAAGATG-3′ (SEQ IDNO:17), lacking the first 498 nucleotides of the mu1 opioid receptornucleic acid sequence reported in GenBank® accession numberXM_(—)004341, which is set forth in SEQ ID NO:12. The following nucleicacid sequence corresponds to the open reading frame of the 2.0 kbinsert:5′-ATGAAGACTGCCA-CCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATGGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGAATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTGCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTCTGTGATTAA (SEQ ID NO:4). The amino acid sequenceencoded by this open reading frame is as follows:MKTATNIYIFNLALAD-ALATSTLPFQSVNYLMGTWPFGTILCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLCTMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDFRTPRNAKIINVCNWILSSAIGLPVMFMATTKYRQGSIDCTLTFSHPTWYWENLLKICVFIFAFIMPVLIITVCYGLMILRLKSVRMLSGSKEKDRNLRRITRMVLVVVAVFIVCWTPIHIYVIIKALVTIPETTFQTVSWHFCIALGYTNSCLNPVLYAFLDENFKRCFREFCIPTSSNIEQQNSTRIRQNTRDHPSTANTVDRTNHQNYYIIHRLCCNTPLISQKPVLLWFCD (SEQ ID NO:5).

The nucleic acid sequence reported for the human mu1 opioid receptor isas follows:5′-GAGGGGGCTATACGCAGAGGAGAATGTCAGATGCTCAGCTCGGT-CCCCTCCGCCTGACGCTCCTCTCTGTCTCAGCCAGGACTGGTTTCTGTAAGAAACAGCAGGAGCTGTGGCAGCGGCGAAAGGAAGCGGCTGAGGCGCTTGGAACCCGAAAAGTCTCGGTGCTCCTGGCTACCTCGCACAGCGGTGCCCGCCCGGCCGTCAGTACCATGGACAGCAGCGCTGCCCCCACGAACGCCAGCAATTGCACTGATGCCTTGGCGTACTCAAGTTGCTCCCCAGCACCCAGCCCCGGTTCCTGGGTCAACTTGTCCCACTTAGATGGCAACCTGTCCGACCCATGCGGTCCGAACCGCACCGACCTGGGCGGGAGAGACAGCCTGTGCCCTCCGACCGGCAGTCCCTCCATGATCACGGCCATCACGATCATGGCCCTCTACTCCATCGTGTGCGTGGTGGGGCTCTTCGGAAACTTCCTGGTCATGTATGTGATTGTCAGATACACCAAGATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATGGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGCTAGAAAATCTGGAAGCAGAAACTGCTCCGTTGCCCTAACAGGGTCTCATGCCATTCCGACCTTCACCAAGCTTAGAAGCCACCATGTATGTGGAAGCAGGTTGCTTCAAGAATGTGTAGGAGGCTCTAATTCTCTAGGAAAGTGCCTGCTTTTAGGTCATCCAACCTCTTTCCTCTCTGGCCACTCTGCTCTGCACATTAGAGGGACAGCCAAAAGTAAGTGGAGCATTTGGAAGGAAAGGAATATACCACACCGAGGAGTCCAGTTTGTGCAAGACACCCAGTGGAACCAAAACCCATCGTGGTATGTGAATTGAAGTCATCATAAAAGGTGACCCTTCTGTCTGTAAGATTTTATTTTCAAGCAAATATTTATGACCTCAACAAAGAAGAACCATCTTTTGTTAAGTTCACCGTAGTAACACATAAAGTAAATGCTACCTCTGATCAAAGCACCTTGAATGGAAGGTCCGAGTCTTTTTAGTGTTTTGCAAGGGAATGAATCCATTATTCTATTTTAGACTTTTAACTTCACCTTAAAATTAGCATCTGGCTAAGGCATCATTTTCACCTCCATTTCTTGGTTTTGTATTGTTTAAAAAAATAACATCTCTTTCATCTAGCTCCATAATTGCAAGGGAAGAGATTAGCATGAAAGGTAATCTGAAACACAGTCATGTGTCAGCTGTAGAAAGGTTGATTCTCATGCACTGCAAATACTTCCAAAGAGTCATCATGGGGGATTTTTCATTCTTAGGCTTTCAGTGGTTTGTTC C-3′ (SEQ IDNO:12).

The nucleic acid sequence reported for the human mu2 opioid receptor isas follows:5′-GCAGAGGAGAATGTCAGATGCTCAGCTCGGTCCCCTCCGCCTGA-CGCTCCTCTCTGTCTCAGCCAGGACTGGTTTCTGTAAGAAACAGCAGGAGCTGTGGCAGCGGCGAAAGGAAGCGGCTGAGGCGCTTGGAACCCGAAAAGTCTCGGTGCTCCTGGCTACCTCGCACAGCGGTGCCCGCCCGGCCGTCAGTACCATGGACAGCAGCGCTGCCCCCACGAACGCCAGCAATTGCACTGATGCCTTGGCGTACTCAAGTTGCTCCCCAGCACCCAGCCCCGGTTCCTGGGTCAACTTGTCCCACTTAGATGGCGACCTGTCCGACCCATGCGGTCCGAACCGCACCGACCTGGGCGGGAGAGACAGCCTGTGCCCTCCAACCGGCAGTCCCTCCATGATCACGGCCATCACGATCATGGCCCTCTACTCCATCGTGTGCGTGGTGGGGCTCTTCGGAAACTTCCTGGTCATGTATGTGATTGTCAGATACACCAAGATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATAGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGGTACGCAGTCTCTAGAATTAGGTATATCTACTGGGGATGACATAAAAATTATAAGGCTTTGTGCTAAACTAGGAGTTTAATCCATTATAGAGGATGAGAATGG AGGGAAGCTT-3′ (SEQID NO:13).

Example 2 Detecting mu3 Opiate Receptor Expression

Human heart, vein, and artery tissue samples were homogenized in TRIREAGENT (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) using apolytron homogenizer. Human white blood cell samples were homogenized inTRI REAGENT by passing the samples through a 1 mL pipette ten times. Thehomogenates were stored at room temperature for 5 minutes to allowcomplete dissociation of nucleoprotein. 0.1 mL of1-bromo-3-chloropropane (BCP) per 1 mL of TR1 Reagent was added to thehomogenates. The samples were vortexed vigorously for 15 seconds andthen stored at room temperature for 7 minutes. After centrifugation ofthe samples for 15 minutes at 12,000 g, the aqueous phase wastransferred to a fresh tube. RNA was precipitated by mixing with 0.5 mLof isopropanol per 1 mL of TR1 REAGENT used in for the initialhomogenization. Samples were stored at room temperature for 6 minutesand then centrifuged at 12,000 g for 8 minutes at 4° C. After removingthe supernatant, the RNA pellet was washed with 1 mL of 75% ethanol per1 mL TRI REAGENT used for the initial homogenization, and subsequentlycentrifuged at 7,500 g for 5 minutes at 4° C. The ethanol was discarded,and the RNA pellet air-dried for 5 minutes. The RNA pellet was dissolvedin water and used as template.

An aliquot of each RNA sample was separated in an 1% agarose gel stainedwith ethidium bromide. Two predominant bands of small (˜2 kb) and large(˜5 kb) ribosomal RNA were observed. In addition, spectrophotometricmeasurements of the RNA samples were analyzed at 260 and 280 nm. The260/280 ratios from all of the samples were above 1.6.

PCR analysis was used to study the expression of mRNA encoding a humanmu3 opiate receptor. Briefly, PCR analysis was performed using thefollowing primers: 5′-GGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19)and 5′-CATCCATGACCACAGTGGGCAAGGCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20). Separation of thePCR products by gel electrophoresis revealed a large (about 910 bp) andsmall (about 605 bp) band for each of the four tissue samples (humanheart, vein, and artery tissue and human white blood cells). Theintensity of the large band for the human white blood cell sample wasgreater than the intensity of the large band for the human heart, vein,and artery samples. In addition, the intensity of the small band wasabout the same for the four samples. This result indicates that the mRNAcorresponding to the larger band is expressed at a higher level in whiteblood cells when compared to its level of expression in vascular tissue.

Each band from each sample was purified, cloned into a TA cloningvector, and sequenced. The smaller band (about 605 bp) had a nucleicacid sequence corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence that encodes ahuman mu3 opiate receptor (e.g., SEQ ID NO:4). The larger band (about910 bp) had the following nucleic acid sequence:5′-TG-GTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGGTACGCAGTCTCTAGAATTAGGTATATCTACTGGGGATGACATAAAAATTATAAGGCTTTGTGCTAAACTAGGAGTTTAATCCATTATAGAGGATGAGAATGGAGGAAGGGAAAGCAAATTGTGGTTTAAGGGTTAAAGAAGAGGTTTGTATATAAACTGGGGTCCTTTAAATTTGCCTGTACATATTCATTAAGGTTTAAGGATCCCCAATGGGNAAAACCATGGAACTTTTCAAAATACCTTTTTTATGGCCTTTACTTTTATGCAAAATTTATGACTTTAGCACATTATAGAAATAATTCTGATCTAGAATCCTTTTCATTTTCCCCAGAATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTTCTGGATTAAAGAGAGAGGGTGAGTGCCTTGCCCACTGTGGTCATGGATGCAAGATATTCACAGAAAATTAGCATCATAGAAAAAAAANNNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANCATGTCGGCCGCCTCGGCCAAACATCGGGTCGAGCATGCATCTAGGGCGGCCAATTCCGCCCCTCT CCCCCCCNGCNNTTT-3′(SEQ ID NO:21). The mRNA corresponding to the 910 bp band was designateda mu4 opiate receptor, while the mRNA corresponding to the 605 bp bandwas designated a mu3 opiate receptor.

Real time RT-PCR was performed using the same primers and RNA samples.The results confirmed that the mu3 mRNA is expressed equally in humanheart, vein, artery, and white blood cells. In addition, the resultsconfirmed that the mu4 mRNA is expressed to a greater extent in humanheart, vein, and artery than in human white blood cells.

The following nucleic acid sequence was unique to the mu4 opiatereceptor sequence:5′-GGAAGGGAAAGCAAATTGTGGTTTAAGGGTTAAAGAAGAGGT-TTGTATATAAACTGGGGTCCTTTAAATTTGCCTGTACATATTCATTAAGGTTTAAGGATCCCCAATGGGNAAAACCATGGAACTTTTCAAAATACCTTTTTTATGGCCTTTACTTTTATGCAAAATTTATGACTTTAGCACATTATAGAAATAATTCTGATCTAGAATCCTTTTCATTTTCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22). The following nucleic acidsequence corresponds to the 5′ end of SEQ ID NO:4 and the 3′ end of SEQID NO:21:5′-ATACACCAAGATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCT-TGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACCAGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATCCTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTCTGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTCCGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATTGGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATAGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACACTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTGCTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATCTTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGCCTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATCACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATTTACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGGCACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTTCTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATTGAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAATACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGGTACGCAGTCTCTAGAATTAGGTATATCTACTGGGGATGACATAAAAATTATAAGGCTTTGTGCTAAACTAGGAGTTTAATCCATTATAGAGGATGAGAATGGAGGGAAGGGAAAGCAAATTGTGGTTTAAGGGTTAAAGAAGAGGTTTGTATATAAACTGGGGTCCTTTAAATTTGCCTGTACATATTCATTAAGGTTTAAGGATCCCCAATGGGNAAAACCATGGAACTTTTCAAAATACCTTTTTTATGGCCTTTACTTTTATGCAAAATTTATGACTTTAGCACATTATAGAAATAATTCTGATCTAGAATCCTTTTCATTTTCCCCAGAATTATTATATAATTCATAGATGTTCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCTCAAAAGCCAGTCTTGCTCTGGTTTCTGGATTAAAGAGAGAGGGTGAGTGCCTTGCCCACTGTGGTCATGGATGCAAGATATTCACAGAAAATTAGCATCATAGAAAAAAAANNNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANCATGTCGGCCGCCTCGGCCAAACATCGGGTCGAGCATGCATCTAGGGCGGCCAATTCCGCCCCTCTCCCCCCCNGCNNTTTCCACACCGAGGAGTCCAGTTTGTGCAAGACACCCAGCGGAACCAAAACCCATCGTGGTATGTGAATCGAAGTCATCATAAAAGGTGACCCTTCTGTCTGTAAGATTTTAATTTAAGCATATATTTATGACCTCAACAAAGACGAACCATCTTTTGTTAATTCACCGTAGTAACACATAAAGTTATGCTACCTCTGATCAAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:23).

Example 3 Additional Cloning Techniques

A nucleic acid molecule encoding a mu3 or mu4 polypeptide is clonedusing a human testis Creator SMART cDNA library constructed in pDNR-LIB,a Creator donor vector. This vector has a probability of greater than 93percent of obtaining a full-length cDNA. Once obtained, the full-lengthcDNA is sequenced and cloned into an expression vector such aspCMV-Sport-bgal (Life Technologies). The expression vector containingthe nucleic acid encoding a mu3 or mu4 polypeptide is transfected intomammalian cells (e.g., CHO or Cos7) by, for example, by Lipofection.Once transfected, the mammalian cells are analyzed for morphine andopioid peptide binding as well as naloxone sensitivity.

In addition, mRNA expression of a mu3 or mu4 opiate receptor is analyzedby RT-PCR using real time PCR (GeneAmp 5700 sequence detection; AppliedBiosystems) or by Northern blot analysis using a sequence-specific probeas described herein.

The following procedures are performed to express nucleic acid encodinga polypeptide having opioid receptor activity. Briefly, a mu3 or mu4cDNA obtained from the library is cloned into a pcDNA5/FRT/TO-TOPOexpression vector (pcDNA5/FRT/TO TA Expression Kit, Invitrogen). This5.2 kb expression vector is designed to facilitate rapid cloning andtetracycline-regulated expression of PCR products using the Flp-In T-REXSystem. The expression vector containing the gene of interest iscotransfected with the pOG44 Flp recombinase expression plasmid into aFlp-In T-REX mammalian host cell line (Flp-In CHO) by lipid mediatedtransfection (Invitrogen), and the pcDNA5/FRT/TO-TOPO vector plus theDNA insert is integrated in a Flp recombinase-dependent manner into thegenome. Addition of tetracycline to the culture medium causes expressionof the polypeptide encoded by the insert. The pcDNA5/FRT/TO-TOPOexpression vector is controlled by the strong human CMV immediate earlyenhancer/promoter into which the tet operator 2 (TetO2) sequence havebeen inserted in tandem. Insertion of these TetO2 sequences into the CMVpromoter confers regulation by tetracycline to the promoter. PCR primersare designed to ensure that the right recombinant protein is obtained. ApcDNA5/FRT/TO/CAT positive control vector and a mock transfection(negative control) is used to evaluate the results. The CAT proteinexpressed from the positive control plasmid is determined by ELISA orWestern blot assays. Human mu3 or mu4 opiate receptor polypeptideexpression is determine by Western blot using polyclonal antibodiesspecific for either the human mu3 or mu4 polypeptides. Polyclonalantibody that recognize these polypeptides are generated commercially.After identifying cells expressing the mu3 or mu4 polypeptide, functionssuch as the ability of morphine to cause the induction of cNOS isevaluated. In addition, mu antagonists such as naloxone and CTOP areused in addition to the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, to evaluate theactivity of the mu3 or mu4 polypeptide.

Example 4 Detecting mu4 mRNA Expression

Human heparinized whole blood cells obtained from volunteer blood donors(Long Island Blood Services; Melville, N.Y.) were immediately separatedusing the 1-Step Polymorphs (Accurate Chemical and ScientificCorporation, Westbury, N.Y.) gradient medium. Five mL of the heparinizedblood was layered over 3.5 mL of polymorphs in a 14 mL round-bottom tubeand centrifuged for 35 minutes at 500×g in a swinging-bucket rotor at18° C. After centrifugation, the top band at the sample/medium interfaceconsisting of mononuclear cells was harvested in 14 mL tubes and thenwashed with RPMI 1640 media (GIBCO BRL, Gaithesburg, Md.) bycentrifugation for 10 minutes at 400×g. In addition, residual red bloodcells were lysed using ACK lysing buffer (Current Protocol inImmunology). The mononuculear cells were incubated in RPMI 1640supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum for 4 hours in a 37° C. incubatorwith 5% CO₂ in order to recover. The cells were then treated with SNAP(1 μM), SNAP plus superoxide dismutase (SOD; 100 units/mL) (SIGMA St.Louis, Mo.), or SOD (100 U/mL), respectively.

After incubation, mononuclear cells were pelleted by centrifugation, andtotal RNA was isolated with the RNeasy Protect Mini Kit (Qiagen,Stanford, Calif.) following the directions supplied by the manufacturer.RNA was eluted with 50 μL of RNase-free water.

First strand cDNA synthesis was performed using random hexamers (GIBCO,BRL, Gaithesburg, Md.). 3 μg of total RNA isolated from humanmononuclear cells were denatured at 95° C. and reverse transcribed at40° C. for 1 hour using Superscript II Rnase H-RT (GIBCO BRL,Gaithesburg Md.). Five μL of the RT product was used for the real-timePCR reaction.

Primers and probe specific for the mu4 opiate receptor sequence weredesigned as follows using the software Primer Express (AppliedBiosystems). The sequence for the forward primer was5′-GAATCCTTTTCATTTTCCCCAGAAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:24); the sequence for thereverse primer was 5′-AACCAGAGCAAGACTGGCTTTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:25); and thesequence for the Taqman probe was5′-ATAATTCATAGATGTTGCTGCAATACCCCTCTTATTTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:26). The Taqmanprobe was constructed with the 5′ reporter dye 6-carboxyfluorescein anda 3′ quencher dye 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodoamine. The 2× universalmaster mix (Applied Biosystems) containing PCR buffer, MgCl₂, dNTPs, andthe thermal stable AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase was used in the PCRreactions. In addition, 200 μM of reverse and forward primers, 100 μMTaqman probe, 5 μL of RT product, and Rnase/DNase-free water were addedto the master mix to a final volume of 50 μL. The PCR reaction mixturewas transferred to a MicroAmp optical 96-well reaction plate andincubated at 95° C. for 10 minutes to activate the Amplitaq Gold DNApolymerase. The reactions were performed with 40 cycles at 95° C. for 30seconds and 60° C. for 1 minute on the Applied Biosystems GeneAmp 5700Sequence Detection System. The PCR results were analyzed with theGeneAmp 5700 SDS software (Applied Biosystems). In order to determinethe relative copy number of the target gene transcript, control cDNAgenerated from SHY cell total RNA was used to produce a standard curve.A standard curve for the reference gene β-actin was performed using theApplied Biosystems β-actin TaqMan Control Reagents kit (part no.401846). Viability counts were done for all of the different timepoints, and 96% of the mononuclear cells were viable.

Real-time RT-PCR analysis of human mononuclear cells treated with SNAPalone for 30 minutes resulted in significantly lower mu4 mRNA expression(0.05 relative mRNA level) as compared to nontreated cells (1.0 relativemRNA level), whereas cells treated with SNAP plus SOD (which scavengesfree radicals) for the same time period exhibited a level of mu4 mRNAexpression (0.83 relative mRNA level) close to the observed controllevel (FIG. 2). After 6 hours of treatment, the level of mu4 mRNAexpression in cells treated with SNAP not only rebounded back but alsosignificantly (p=0.029) exceeded control levels (8±5.6 relative mRNAlevel; FIG. 3). After 24 hours of treatment, the level of mu4 mRNAexpression in cells treated with SNAP also exceeded control levels (n=1;10.5 relative mRNA level; FIG. 3). Similar results were observed inhuman mononuclear cells treated with morphine (1 μM; FIG. 4).

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

(SEQ ID NO:5) MKTATNIYIFNLALADALATSTLPFQSVNYLMGTWPFGTILCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTL-CTMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDFRTPRNAKIINVCNWILSSAIGLPVMFMATTKYRQGSIDCTLTFSHPTWYWENLLKICVFIFAFIMPVLIITVCYGLMILRLKSVRMLSGSKEKDRNLRRITRMVLVVVAVFIVCWTPIHIYVIIKALVTIPETTFQTVSWHFCIALGYTNSCLNPVLYAFLDENFKRCFREFCIPTSSNIEQQNSTRIRQNTRDHPSTANTVDRTNHQNYYIIHR [[L]]CCCNTPLISQKPVLLWFCD.

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide havingmu3 opiate receptor activity.
 2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule ofclaim 1, wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleicacid sequence with a length and a percent identity to the sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:1 over said length, wherein the point defined by saidlength and said percent identity is within the area defined by points A,B, C, and D of FIG. 1, wherein point A has coordinates (81, 100), pointB has coordinates (81, 65), point C has coordinates (15, 65), and pointD has coordinates (15, 100).
 3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule ofclaim 1, wherein said polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence witha length and a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2over said length, wherein the point defined by said length and saidpercent identity is within the area defined by points A, B, C, and D ofFIG. 1, wherein point A has coordinates (26, 100), point B hascoordinates (26, 65), point C has coordinates (5, 65), and point D hascoordinates (5, 100).
 4. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1,wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule hybridizes underhybridization conditions to the sense or antisense strand of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or
 3. 5. The isolated nucleic acidmolecule of claim 1, wherein said isolated nucleic acid moleculecomprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 8, or
 10. 6. Anisolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under hybridizationconditions to the sense or antisense strand of a nucleic acid thatencodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity, wherein saidisolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 12 nucleotides in length, andwherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule does not hybridize to thesense or antisense strand of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or13.
 7. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acidsequence with a length and a percent identity to the sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO:1 over said length, wherein the point defined by saidlength and said percent identity is within the area defined by points A,B, C, and D of FIG. 1, wherein point A has coordinates (81, 100), pointB has coordinates (81, 65), point C has coordinates (15, 65), and pointD has coordinates (15, 100).
 8. The isolated nucleic acid molecule ofclaim 7, wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes apolypeptide having mu3 opiate receptor activity.
 9. A cell comprising anisolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having mu3opiate receptor activity.
 10. The cell of claim 9, wherein said isolatednucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence with a lengthand a percent identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 oversaid length, wherein the point defined by said length and said percentidentity is within the area defined by points A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1,wherein point A has coordinates (81, 100), point B has coordinates (81,65), point C has coordinates (15, 65), and point D has coordinates (15,100).
 11. The cell of claim 9, wherein said polypeptide comprises anamino acid sequence with a length and a percent identity to the sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:2 over said length, wherein the point defined bysaid length and said percent identity is within the area defined bypoints A, B, C, and D of FIG. 1, wherein point A has coordinates (26,100), point B has coordinates (26, 65), point C has coordinates (5, 65),and point D has coordinates (5, 100).
 12. The cell of claim 9, whereinsaid isolated nucleic acid molecule hybridizes under hybridizationconditions to the sense or antisense strand of the sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:1 or
 3. 13. The cell of claim 9, wherein said isolated nucleicacid molecule comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 8, or10.
 14. A cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule thathybridizes under hybridization conditions to the sense or antisensestrand of a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having mu3 opiatereceptor activity, wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule is atleast 12 nucleotides in length, and wherein said isolated nucleic acidmolecule does not hybridize to the sense or antisense strand of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13.